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<title>Asynchronous learning</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asynchronous learning</span></span>

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<p><b>Asynchronous learning</b> is a general term used to describe forms of education, instruction, and learning that do not occur in the same place or at the same time. It uses resources that facilitate information sharing outside the constraints of time and place among a network of people.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayadas,_F._1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayadas,_F._1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many instances, well-constructed asynchronous learning is based on <a href="Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of education)">constructivist theory</a>, a student-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of peer-to-peer interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach combines self-study with asynchronous interactions to promote learning, and it can be used to facilitate learning in traditional on-campus education, <a href="Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, and <a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a>. This combined network of learners and the electronic network in which they communicate are referred to as an asynchronous learning network.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayadas,_F._1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayadas,_F._1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Online learning resources that can be used to support asynchronous learning include <a href="Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="Electronic_mailing_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing lists">electronic mailing lists</a>, <a href="Threaded_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Threaded discussion">threaded conferencing systems</a>, <a href="Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">online discussion boards</a>, <a href="Wikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikis">wikis</a>, and <a href="Blogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogs">blogs</a>. <a href="Learning_management_system" title="Learning management system">Course management systems</a> have been developed to support online interaction, allowing users to organize discussions, post and reply to messages, and upload and access <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne,_J.R._1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne,_J.R._1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These asynchronous forms of communication are sometimes supplemented with synchronous components, including text and voice <a href="Online_chat" title="Online chat">chat</a>, telephone conversations, <a href="Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>, and even meetings in virtual spaces such as <i><a href="Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i>, where discussions can be facilitated among groups of students.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne,_J.R._1998_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne,_J.R._1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The roots of asynchronous learning are in the end of the 19th century, when formalized correspondence education (or <a href="Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a>) first took advantage of the postal system to bring physically remote learners into the educational fold. The 1920s and 1930s saw the introduction of recorded audio, desynchronizing broadcasting and revolutionizing the mass dissemination of information. The first significant distribution of standardized educational content took place during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; the branches of the US military produced hundreds of training films, with screenings numbering in the millions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Online asynchronous learning began with schools' and universities' substantial investment in computer technology in the early 1980s. With seminal applications such as Seymour Papert's <a href="Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> programming language, students were able to learn at their own pace, free from the synchronous constraints of a classroom lecture.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As computers entered more households and schools began connecting to the nascent <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, asynchronous learning networks began to take shape. These networks augmented existing classroom learning and led to a new correspondence model for solitary learners.

</p><p>Using the web, students could access resources online and communicate asynchronously using email and discussion boards. The 1990s saw the arrival of the first telecampuses, with universities offering courses and entire degree plans through a combination of synchronous and asynchronous online instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, advanced multimedia and interactivity have enhanced the utility of asynchronous learning networks and blurred the divide between content-creator and content-consumer. New tools like class blogs and wikis are creating ever-richer opportunities for further asynchronous interaction and learning.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_an_asynchronous_community">Development of an asynchronous community</h2></div>

<p>Though the <a href="Social_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relationships">social relationships</a> integral to group learning can be developed through asynchronous communication, this development tends to take longer than in traditional, face-to-face settings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of an asynchronous community takes time and effort and tends to follow a projected course of five stages, as described by Waltonen-Moore et al.:

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<ol><li>Introductions – This might include a full biography or a short "getting-to-know-you" questions. Through this step, community members begin to see one another as human beings and begin to make a preliminary, emotive connection with the other members of the community. This step is often characterized by emotive or extravagant language and represents group members' attempts to make themselves known as living individuals behind the emotionless technology medium.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Identify with the group – Members begin to communicate with one another by reference to their commonalities as group members and seek to either establish or make known <a href="Norms_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norms (sociology)">norms</a> for successful membership. If this sense of <a href="Group_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Group identity">group identity</a> is not established, the likelihood of poor participation or attrition increases.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Interact – Members will start interacting with one another in reference to the community's established focus and begin to share information with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the community is an online learning course, then students will begin to discuss course content.</li>

<li>Group cohesion and individual reflection – members of the group will begin to validate one another's ideas and opinions while, at the same time, being reflective of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Expansive questioning – Now feeling completely comfortable within the environment, focused upon the content, and respectful of other group members' thoughts and experiences, members will begin to not only post facts and deeply held beliefs, but will actually start to "think out loud", allowing other group members to take part in their personal meaning-making and self-directed inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<p>Asynchronous communities that progress efficiently through these stages tend to share at least three common attributes:

</p><p>First, the community has an active <a href="Facilitator" title="Facilitator">facilitator</a> who monitors, guides, and nurtures the discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unguided communities tend to have difficulty progressing beyond the second stage of development, because group members can become distracted from the community's intended purpose.

</p><p>Second, rather than seeking to take on the role of an instructor or disseminator of knowledge, the facilitator recognizes that knowledge is an individual construct that is developed through interaction with other group members.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, facilitators within successful communities tend not to be pedantic, but supportive.

</p><p>And third, successful asynchronous communities permit a certain amount of leniency for play within their discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-web.ebscohost.com_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.ebscohost.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, communities that insist upon being overly stringent on etiquette and make no room for the social development that comes from play seem to drive away participants. Rather than enriching discourse on the targeted topic, such attitudes have a negative impact on group identity development and individual comfort levels which will, in turn, decrease overall involvement.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_of_instructors_and_learners">Roles of instructors and learners</h2></div>

<p>Online learning requires a shift from a teacher-centered environment to a student-centered environment where the instructor must take on multiple new roles. The constructivist theory that supports asynchronous learning demands that instructors become more than dispensers of knowledge; it requires that they become <a href="Instructional_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Instructional designer">instructional designers</a>, facilitators, and assessors of both grades and their teaching methods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As instructional designers, emphasis is placed on establishing the curriculum, methods and the media through which the content will be effectively delivered. Once the design is in place and executed, the instructor must then facilitate the communication and direct the learning. Instructors typically have to be proficient with elements of electronic communication, as asynchronous courses are reliant on email and discussion board communications and the instruction methods are reliant on virtual libraries of e-documents, graphics, and audio files. Establishing a communal spirit is vital, requiring much time commitment from the instructor, who must spend time reading, assessing, reinforcing, and encouraging the interaction and learning that is happening.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea,_P._J._2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea,_P._J._2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The student-centered nature of asynchronous online learning requires students to be actively involved with and take more responsibility for their own learning. In addition to their normal duties as learners, students are required to:

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<ul><li>Become proficient with the technology required for the course;</li>

<li>Use new methods of communication with both peers and instructors;</li>

<li>Strengthen their interdependency through collaboration with their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison,_D._R._2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison,_D._R._2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strengths">Strengths</h2></div>

<p>Asynchronous learning's greatest benefit to students is the freedom it gives them to access the course and its instructional materials at any time they choose, and from any location, with an Internet connection.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayadas,_F._1997_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayadas,_F._1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows for accessibility for diverse student populations, ranging from traditional, on-campus students, to working professionals, to international students in foreign countries.

</p><p>Asynchronous learning environments provide a "high degree of interactivity" between participants who are separated both geographically and temporally and afford students many of the social benefits of face-to-face interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayadas,_F._1997_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayadas,_F._1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since students can express their thoughts without interruption, they have more time to reflect on and respond to class materials and their classmates than in a traditional classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea,_P._J._2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea,_P._J._2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Research shows that the time required to initially design an asynchronous course is comparable to that of a traditional synchronous course.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne,_J.R._1998_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne,_J.R._1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most asynchronous courses have the potential to reach far more students than a traditional course and course-wide updates or modifications can be disseminated far more quickly and efficiently than traditional lecture models.

</p><p>Schifter notes that a perceived additional workload is a significant barrier to faculty participation in distance education and asynchronous learning, but that perception can be mitigated through training and experience with teaching in these environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison,_D._R._2004_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison,_D._R._2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Another advantage of asynchronous learning (and, as technology develops, many synchronous learning environments) is that there is a record of nearly everything that occurs in that environment. All materials, correspondence, and interactions can be electronically archived. Participants can go back and review course materials, lectures, and presentations, as well as correspondence between participants. This information is generally available at any time to course participants.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shortcomings">Shortcomings</h2></div>

<p>Asynchronous learning environments pose several challenges for instructors, institutions, and students. Course development and initial setup can be costly. Institutions must provide a computer network infrastructure, including servers, audio/visual equipment, software, and the technical support needed to develop and maintain asynchronous learning environments. Technical support includes initial training and setup, user management, data storage and recovery, as well as hardware repairs and updates.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates faculty members who are hesitant to teach in asynchronous learning environments are so because of a lack of technical support provided by their institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison,_D._R._2004_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison,_D._R._2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for faculty to teach successfully in an asynchronous learning environment, they must be technically adept and comfortable enough with the technological tools to optimize their use. According to a recent case study in India, asynchronous learning during COVID-19 pandemic is quite stressful among students because it placed more responsibilities and made students feel frustrated and insecure.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To participate in asynchronous learning environments, students must also have access to computers and the Internet. Although personal computers and web access are becoming more and more pervasive every day, this requirement can be a barrier to entry for many students and instructors. Students must also have the computer/technology skills required to participate in the asynchronous learning program.

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<ul><li><a href="Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li>

<li><a href="E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Networked_learning" title="Networked learning">Networked learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchronous_learning" title="Synchronous learning">Synchronous learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_learning" title="Augmented learning">Augmented learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Shea,_P._J._2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shea,_P._J._2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shea,_P._J._2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheaPickettPelz2003" class="citation cs2">Shea, PJ; Pickett, AM; Pelz, WE (2003), "A follow-up investigation of 'teaching presence' in the SUNY Learning Network", <i>Journal for Asynchronous Learning Networks</i>, <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">61–</span>80</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Garrison,_D._R._2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison,_D._R._2004_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison,_D._R._2004_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison,_D._R._2004_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2004" class="citation cs2">Garrison, DR (2004), "Student role adjustment in online communities of inquiry: model and instrument validation", <i>Journal for Asynchronous Learning Networks</i>, <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">61–</span>74</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerHoltBray2008" class="citation cs2">Palmer, S; Holt, D; Bray, S (2008), "Does the discussion help? the impact of a formally assessed online discussion on final student results", <i>British Journal of Educational Technology</i>, <b>39</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">847–</span>58, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8535.2007.00780.x">10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00780.x</a>, <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30017812">10536/DRO/DU:30017812</a></span></cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFernandezRameshManivannan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandez, Cassandra Jane; Ramesh, Rachana; Manivannan, Anand Shankar Raja (2022-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAAOUJ-02-2021-0027">"Synchronous learning and asynchronous learning during COVID-19 pandemic: a case study in India"</a>. <i>Asian Association of Open Universities Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FAAOUJ-02-2021-0027">10.1108/AAOUJ-02-2021-0027</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2414-6994">2414-6994</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aln.ucf.edu/">The Sloan-C International Conference on Asynchronous Learning</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010308155917/http://www.csd.uwa.edu.au/altmodes/of_delivery/asynchronous_learning.html">ALTMODES-Alternative Modes of Delivery: Asynchronous Learning</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Education397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education" title="Education">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a>

<ul><li><a href="Learning_standards" title="Learning standards">Learning standards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_spending_on_education_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP">Spending</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">Tuition payments</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li>

<li><a href="Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Accreditation_mill" title="Accreditation mill">Accreditation mill</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bloom's_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Board_of_education" title="Board of education">Board of education</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li>

<li><a href="Classroom_management" title="Classroom management">Classroom management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a>

<li><a href="Curriculum_development" title="Curriculum development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diploma_mill" title="Diploma mill">Diploma mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Desirable_difficulty" title="Desirable difficulty">Desirable difficulty</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacing_effect" title="Spacing effect">Spacing effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing_effect" title="Testing effect">Testing effect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li>

<li><a href="School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a>

<ul><li><a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalized_learning" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>

<li><a href="Project-based_learning" title="Project-based learning">Project-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw external" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw external" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br>(<a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br>recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div>

<ul><li>Canary Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ceuta<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Melilla<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Spain)</li>

<li>Madeira<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Portugal)</li>

<li>Mayotte<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Réunion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(France)</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ascension Island<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ <a href="Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(United Kingdom)</li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br>limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Palestine" title="Education in Palestine">Palestine</a></li>

<li>South Ossetia</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>British Indian Ocean Territory</li>

<li>Christmas Island</li>

<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AAsia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Europe </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br>recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>

<li>South Ossetia</li>

<li>Transnistria</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br>other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li>

<li>Svalbard</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>

<li>Bonaire</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>

<li>Curaçao</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li>

<li>Martinique</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li>Saint Barthélemy</li>

<li>Saint Martin</li>

<li>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</li>

<li>Sint Eustatius</li>

<li>Sint Maarten</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br>of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br>and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>

<li>Christmas Island</li>

<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>

<li>Easter Island</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>

<li>New Caledonia</li>

<li>Norfolk Island</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>

<li>Wallis and Futuna</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>

<li><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ASchools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-05-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Asynchronous_learning&oldid=1224636554">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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